| CONCEPTS |
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| concepts/ClinGen-Gene-Disease-Validity |
ClinGen 7-tier evidence framework (Definitive→Refuting) for gene-disease pairs; cardiovascular GCEPs; key disputed/refuting findings across HCM/BrS/ARVC/CPVT/LQTS/PAH; clinical actionability of classification |
clingen, gene-disease-validity, hereditary-cardiovascular-disease, variant-interpretation, genetics |
2026-05-09 |
| concepts/Atrial-Cardiomyopathy |
ESC/HFA 2025 diagnostic framework: electrical dysfunction (P-wave score ≥1) + mechanical dysfunction/enlargement/fibrosis; P-wave score 0–4; LAVi >40 ml/m², LASr <23%; atrial failure as end-stage; NLRP3/BMP10/epicardial adipose targets |
atrial-cardiomyopathy, atrial-fibrillation, heart-failure, atrial-fibrosis, electrocardiography |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Atrial-Failure |
End-stage AtCM: persistent AF or HF with dyspnoea/fatigue attributable to atrial disease; progressive structural/electrophysiological/functional changes; manage per AF + HF guidelines |
atrial-cardiomyopathy, atrial-fibrillation, heart-failure |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Cancer-Associated-VTE |
Most common CV complication of malignancy; 7–8× VTE risk; Ottawa recurrence score; LMWH preferred over VKA; emerging DOAC evidence (apixaban HR 0.26 vs dalteparin); immunomodulator 3-tier prophylaxis |
cancer-associated-VTE, venous-thromboembolism, anticoagulation, cardio-oncology, thrombosis |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Clonal-Hematopoiesis |
CH/CHIP: somatic HSC clonal expansion (DNMT3A/TET2/ASXL1/JAK2); 1.7–2× ASCVD risk; 25% HF risk; TET2→IL-1β/NLRP3; canakinumab/colchicine in TET2-CH; therapy-related CH amplifies cardiotoxicity; no proven CVD therapy |
clonal-hematopoiesis, cardiovascular-risk, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cardio-oncology |
2026-05-02 |
| concepts/CAM-in-Heart-Failure |
Complementary and alternative medicine in HF: omega-3 PUFA Class 2b AHA rec; CoQ10 uncertain; hawthorn harm in LVEF ≤35%; licorice/Vit E/grapefruit juice harm; yoga/tai chi recommended; drug-interaction catalog |
heart-failure, complementary-alternative-medicine, drug-interactions, nutraceuticals, guidelines |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/AAV-Gene-Delivery |
AAV9 cardiac gene delivery platform; 4.7 kb packaging constraint and workarounds |
gene-therapy, viral-vectors |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/AF-CARE |
ESC 2024 structured AF management: Comorbidity, Avoid stroke, Rate/rhythm, Evaluation |
atrial-fibrillation, guidelines |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/AF-Staging |
AHA 2023 four-stage AF classification (At Risk → Pre-AF → AF → Permanent) |
atrial-fibrillation, risk-stratification |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Subclinical-AF |
SCAF: asymptomatic CIED/wearable-detected AF; 2.4× stroke risk; dose-dependent with episode duration; 5.7× progression to clinical AF; OAC thresholds by CHA₂DS₂-VASc + burden |
subclinical-atrial-fibrillation, atrial-fibrillation, stroke-prevention, cardiac-monitoring, anticoagulation |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/ARVC-Task-Force-Criteria |
2010 Modified Task Force five-domain scoring for ARVC diagnosis |
diagnostics, ARVC |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Arrhythmogenic-Cardiomyopathy |
ACM umbrella concept; HRS 2019 vs ESC 2023 nomenclature; 7-gene genotype-specific natural history; family screening yield 33%+33%; Padua criteria limitations; gene-specific risk calculators (ARVC/DSP/PLN); AAV-PKP2 Phase I/II; exercise gene-specific (not in PLN) |
arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, sudden-cardiac-death, genotype-phenotype, gene-therapy |
2026-05-05 |
| concepts/Bidirectional-Ventricular-Tachycardia |
Beat-to-beat 180° QRS axis alternation; hallmark arrhythmia of CPVT |
arrhythmia, CPVT |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Biological-Pacemaker |
Gene therapy approaches to restore intrinsic cardiac automaticity (TBX18, HCN) |
gene-therapy, bradyarrhythmia |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/CHA2DS2-VA |
ESC 2024 stroke risk score for AF; sex category removed vs CHA2DS2-VASc |
atrial-fibrillation, anticoagulation |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/CRISPR-Cas9-in-Channelopathies |
CRISPR gene editing in channelopathy models; first in-vivo RYR2 repair |
gene-therapy, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Calcium-Homeostasis-in-HCM |
SR Ca²⁺ overload and CaMKII-mediated triggered arrhythmia in HCM |
hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, calcium-homeostasis |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Cardiac-Action-Potential |
Ion channel basis of phases 0–4; ischemia-induced partial depolarization shortens APD; hyperkalemia/hypokalemia effects; mutations cause specific channelopathies; regional/transmural APD heterogeneity underlies T-wave shape |
cardiac-electrophysiology, channelopathies, myocardial-ischemia |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Cardiac-Repolarization |
T-wave physiology; primary vs secondary ST-T classification; injury current mechanism in ischemia; regional IKs/IKr/INaL heterogeneity; EAD/R-from-T triggers; TdP focal-to-reentry; repolarization reserve; 176 QT-SNPs |
long-qt-syndrome, cardiac-repolarization, channelopathies, myocardial-ischemia |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/ST-T-Changes |
Primary (ischemia/electrolytes/tachycardia) vs secondary (LBBB/LVH/pre-excitation/pacemaker) ST-T changes; injury current mechanism; hyperkalemia sine-wave progression; ACS patterns; measurement criteria |
electrocardiography, ST-T-changes, myocardial-ischemia, cardiac-electrophysiology, electrolyte-disturbances |
2026-05-02 |
| concepts/OMI-NOMI-Paradigm |
Paradigm shift from STEMI/NSTEMI to Occlusion MI (OMI) vs Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI); STEMI criteria 41–62% sensitivity for total occlusion; OMI ECG features beyond STE (hyperacute T-waves, subtle STE, Q-waves, reciprocal STD); HATW score first objective OMI ECG tool; AI ECG achieves 100% sensitivity |
occlusion-MI, STEMI-criteria, ECG-diagnosis, acute-coronary-syndrome, artificial-intelligence-ECG |
2026-05-03 |
| concepts/Hyperacute-T-waves |
Tall, broad, symmetric T-waves in early OMI; HATW score first quantitative definition (T-wave magnitude + symmetry, ≥0.7 in 2 leads → 98.4% spec); T-wave amplitude alone insufficient; do not reliably evolve to STEMI criteria; requires automated software measurement |
occlusion-MI, ECG-diagnosis, LAD-occlusion, myocardial-ischemia, hyperacute-T-waves |
2026-05-03 |
| concepts/Polygenic-Risk-Score |
PRS for QT interval and LQTS susceptibility (15% variance explained); genotype-negative LQTS has higher PRS; PRS predicts drug-induced TdP; SQTS PRS unstudied; ancestry limitation |
polygenic-risk-score, long-qt-syndrome, cardiac-repolarization, genetics, precision-medicine |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Cascade-Family-Screening |
Systematic cardiovascular and genetic evaluation of ACM and HCM families |
arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, genetics |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Catheter-Ablation-AF |
PVI for AF; energy sources (RF/cryo/PFA); ablation strategies; QOL/cognition/AF progression evidence |
atrial-fibrillation, catheter-ablation |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Pulsed-Field-Ablation |
Non-thermal electroporation ablation; tissue-selective; no PV stenosis/oesophageal injury; ADVENT trial |
atrial-fibrillation, catheter-ablation, ablation-technology |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Atrial-Myopathy-in-HCM |
Sarcomeric gene variants (MYBPC3/MYH7) drive primary LA fibrosis independent of LA pressure; progressive; predicts more ablation procedures |
hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, atrial-fibrillation, atrial-myopathy, genetics |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Cardiogenetic-Centers |
Interdisciplinary arrhythmia/cardiomyopathy genetics centres; variant reclassification responsibility; panel strategy |
genetics, arrhythmia, channelopathy |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Variant-Reclassification |
>36% reclassification rate in cardiovascular genetics; channelopathies 38%; predominantly downgrading; notification gap |
genetics, channelopathy, cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Desmosome |
Cardiac intercalated disc adhesion complex; structural basis of ARVC pathogenesis |
arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Early-Onset-Atrial-Fibrillation |
AF before age 66; 10% carry P/LP variants, mainly cardiomyopathy genes |
atrial-fibrillation, genetics |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Electrical-Storm |
≥3 VA episodes in 24h; step-by-step management algorithm by ESC 2022 |
ventricular-arrhythmia, arrhythmia-management |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Exercise-Restriction-in-ARVC |
Dose-dependent exercise-penetrance; gene-specific: harmful in PKP2/TMEM43/gene-elusive; NOT harmful in PLN-p.Arg14del (unique); DSP uncertain; gene-informed SDM per 2024 HRS |
ARVC, lifestyle, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, genotype-phenotype |
2026-05-05 |
| concepts/Exercise-in-HCM |
2024 paradigm shift: no universal exercise restriction for most HCM patients (AHA) |
hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, lifestyle |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Final-Common-Pathway |
Hypothesis that cardiomyopathy subtypes converge on intercalated disc dysfunction |
arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Gene-Silencing-Therapy |
ASO/siRNA/shRNA strategies for cardiac gain-of-function or dominant-negative mutations |
gene-therapy, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Genetic-Testing-in-AF |
Cardiomyopathy/arrhythmia panel testing in early-onset AF; 10% yield up to age 66 |
genetic-testing, atrial-fibrillation |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/HFpEF |
HFpEF definition, SGLT2i Class I evidence (EMPEROR-Preserved, DELIVER), NT-proBNP thresholds, contradictions re: CV death |
heart-failure, HFpEF, SGLT2-inhibitors |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Cardio-Oncology |
New clinical discipline integrating cardiology + oncology; MDT approach; care pathways by risk; HFA-ICOS stratification |
cardio-oncology, cardiovascular-toxicity, cancer |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Cancer-Therapy-Related-CV-Toxicity |
CTRCD severity grading (LVEF/GLS/biomarkers); drug-specific toxicity profiles; ICI myocarditis; management by severity |
cardio-oncology, cardiovascular-toxicity, heart-failure, cancer |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/PAH-Risk-Stratification |
3-strata at diagnosis; 4-strata at follow-up; low-risk haemodynamic targets; treat-to-target approach; vasoreactivity testing algorithm |
pulmonary-hypertension, pulmonary-arterial-hypertension, risk-stratification |
2026-04-13 |
| concepts/HFA-ICOS-Risk-Stratification |
Pre-treatment CV toxicity risk tool: Low/Moderate/High/VH across 6 treatment categories; anthracycline dose thresholds |
cardio-oncology, risk-stratification, cardiovascular-toxicity |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/Genetic-Testing-in-Cardiomyopathy |
Systematic framework for multigene panel testing in HCM/DCM/ARVC/RCM; yields by phenotype; gene-specific management; VUS management; paediatric and incidental findings |
genetics, cardiomyopathy, genetic-testing, guideline |
2026-04-15 |
| concepts/HCM-Risk-SCD |
HCM Risk-SCD and Risk-Kids calculators; ESC threshold-driven vs AHA decision-aid |
sudden-cardiac-death, HCM |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Ion-Channel-Mutations |
GOF/LOF mutations in cardiac ion channels; mechanistic basis of all channelopathies |
genetics, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Epigenetics-Cardiac-Arrhythmia |
Epigenetic regulation of arrhythmia-susceptibility genes: miR-19b multi-channel regulation (LQTS/SQTS), circulating miRNA biomarkers, U1 snRNA/KCNH2 splicing therapy, SCN5A H558R promoter methylation (BrS modifier), KCNQ1OT1 imprinting, KChIP2/H3K4me3 histone regulation, SCN10A 3D enhancer–SCN5A promoter loop |
epigenetics, ventricular-arrhythmia, non-coding-RNA, DNA-methylation, channelopathies |
2026-05-09 |
| concepts/Ion-Channel-Remodeling-in-HCM |
Pre-structural INaL/ILTCC changes in HCM; detectable before hypertrophy |
hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Electrical-Remodeling |
Disease-driven ion channel changes in AF (↑IKACh constitutive, ↓ICaL, triangulated AP), HF (↑INaLate/CaMKII, ↑If, ↑NCX, ↓IKr/IKs/Ito/IK1), HCM, and MI; repolarization reserve concept |
cardiac-electrophysiology, arrhythmia-mechanisms, ion-channels, electrical-remodeling, channelopathies |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/LVOTO |
LV outflow obstruction in HCM; Doppler assessment; stepwise pharma including mavacamten |
cardiomyopathy, HCM |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Late-Gadolinium-Enhancement |
CMR fibrosis marker; LGE ≥15% LV mass elevates SCD risk 2.32× in HCM; HR 5.55 in DCM; transmural extent predicts viability recovery (>50% → <10% recovery); 23–44% post-STEMI ECGs non-diagnostic despite persistent LGE scar |
multimodality-imaging, cardiomyopathy, myocardial-viability, myocardial-infarction |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Q-Wave-Remodeling |
Post-infarct Q-wave regression; pseudo-normalization confirmed by LGE-CMR; size (not transmurality) determines Q-wave presence; 6.2% LV mass cutoff; 44% non-diagnostic ECG at 5 years post-STEMI |
myocardial-infarction, electrocardiography, late-gadolinium-enhancement, stemi, cardiac-mri |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Myocardial-Viability |
Hibernation vs stunning; LGE-CMR transmural extent tiers (>50% → <10% recovery); STICH/PARR-2 show viability imaging does not discriminate CABG benefit; modality performance table |
myocardial-viability, ischemic-cardiomyopathy, cardiac-imaging, coronary-revascularization |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Left-Cardiac-Sympathetic-Denervation |
Thoracoscopic lower stellate ganglion removal for refractory LQTS and CPVT |
surgery, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Phenotypic-Approach-to-Cardiomyopathy |
ESC 2023 framework: identify morphological phenotype first, then aetiological diagnosis |
cardiomyopathy, diagnostics |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Schwartz-Score |
Point-based clinical probability score for LQTS and SQTS |
diagnostics, LQTS |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Septal-Reduction-Therapy |
Surgical myectomy and alcohol septal ablation for obstructive HCM |
cardiomyopathy, HCM |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Shanghai-Score-System |
Point-based probability score for Brugada syndrome and ERS diagnosis |
diagnostics, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Sports-Cardiology-SDM |
AHA/ACC 2025 SDM framework for competitive athletes with CVD; sports classification continuum; preparticipation evaluation; PKP2 vs non-PKP2 ACM distinction; LQTS/CPVT/BrS participation guidance |
sports-cardiology, shared-decision-making, sudden-cardiac-death, guidelines |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Sudden-Cardiac-Death |
Epidemiology and mechanisms of SCD across inherited cardiac diseases |
sudden-cardiac-death, channelopathies |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/SupRep-Therapy |
Suppression-and-replacement gene therapy for LQTS; mutation-agnostic; validated in rabbits |
gene-therapy, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/Torsades-de-Pointes |
Polymorphic VT in LQTS; EAD-mediated; sex hormone modulation of risk |
arrhythmia, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/VA-Risk-Stratification-DCM |
Multi-parameter VA risk stratification in DCM; LGE + genotype + LVEF over LVEF alone |
dilated-cardiomyopathy, ICD |
2026-04-12 |
| concepts/PVC-Induced-Cardiomyopathy |
Reversible LV dysfunction from frequent PVCs (burden >10–24%); ABC-VT risk score; wide QRS/epicardial origin/interpolated PVCs as risk factors; ablation normalises LVEF in 82%; Class I/IIa indications |
premature-ventricular-complexes, PVC-induced-cardiomyopathy, ventricular-arrhythmias, heart-failure, electrophysiology |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/PVC-Mapping-Ablation |
Comprehensive mapping/ablation guide: ECG localisation rules by site; activation/pace mapping/ECGI; RF/cryo/ethanol/PFA/stereotactic energy sources; site-by-site strategies (RVOT, LV summit, Purkinje, papillary muscles, intramural); 84% acute success, 2.4% complications |
premature-ventricular-complexes, catheter-ablation, ventricular-arrhythmias, electrophysiology, mapping |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/iPSC-Derived-Cardiomyocytes |
Patient-specific cardiomyocyte models for channelopathy and HCM research and drug testing |
precision-medicine, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| concepts/OSA-Arrhythmogenic-Substrate |
Dual mechanism: acute apnea-associated electrophysiological changes + long-term structural remodeling creating dynamic AF substrate in OSA |
obstructive-sleep-apnea, atrial-fibrillation, atrial-remodeling |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Valvular-Heart-Disease |
Overview of acquired VHD: aetiology, Heart Team model, imaging, associated conditions; A–D staging (ACC/AHA 2020); CHA2DS2-VASc for AF anticoagulation |
valvular-heart-disease, guideline |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/TAVI |
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation; non-inferior to SAVR in low-risk patients; expanded indications (asymptomatic AS, BAV, AR); antithrombotic strategy post-TAVI |
valvular-heart-disease, TAVI, aortic-stenosis |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Aortic-Stenosis |
AS grading (high/low-flow low-gradient); symptomatic and asymptomatic management; TAVI vs SAVR decision; EARLY TAVR, RECOVERY, AVATAR trials |
valvular-heart-disease, aortic-stenosis, guideline |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Aortic-Regurgitation |
AR evaluation; surgical thresholds (LVESD, LVESDi, LVESVi, LVEF); VSARR preferred in young patients; new TAVI option for inoperable patients |
valvular-heart-disease, aortic-regurgitation |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Primary-Mitral-Regurgitation |
PMR evaluation; surgical indications including new asymptomatic criteria (3-of-4 rule); TEER for high-risk; minimally invasive surgery |
valvular-heart-disease, mitral-regurgitation |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Secondary-Mitral-Regurgitation |
Atrial vs ventricular SMR distinction; GDMT before intervention; TEER Class I A for ventricular SMR (COAPT, RESHAPE-HF2); atrial SMR surgery + AF ablation + LAAO |
valvular-heart-disease, mitral-regurgitation, heart-failure |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Mitral-Stenosis |
Rheumatic MS (PMC criteria); degenerative MS with MAC (TMVI emerging); VKA not DOACs if MVA ≤2.0 cm² with AF |
valvular-heart-disease, mitral-stenosis |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Tricuspid-Regurgitation |
TR aetiology (atrial vs ventricular secondary TR); 5-grade severity scale; TRILUMINATE Pivotal (win ratio 1.48, QoL-driven); TriClip + EVOQUE FDA-approved; upgraded concomitant TV surgery; lifetime device sequencing |
valvular-heart-disease, tricuspid-regurgitation, transcatheter-interventions |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Heart-Valve-Centre |
Specialised centre requirements; volume-outcome evidence; regional Heart Valve Network model; Heart Team composition |
valvular-heart-disease, heart-team |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Structural-Valve-Deterioration |
Unified SVD definitions 2025: moderate SVD (PG increase ≥10 mmHg + absolute ≥20 mmHg); severe SVD (≥20 mmHg increase + absolute ≥40 mmHg) |
valvular-heart-disease, prosthetic-valves |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/LQTS-Pregnancy-Management |
LQTS risk paradox: pregnancy protective, 9-month postpartum 2.7× risk; LQT2 highest risk; progesterone antiarrhythmic; beta-blockers Class I; three-tier delivery risk stratification |
long-qt-syndrome, pregnancy, arrhythmia-management, channelopathies |
2026-04-18 |
| concepts/Drug-Induced-Arrhythmia |
AHA 2020 taxonomy of drug-induced arrhythmias: bradyarrhythmia, AF/AFL, AT, AVNRT, monomorphic VT, Brugada unmasking, TdP; CAST trial; repolarization reserve; IKr blockade; TdP risk factors and management |
drug-induced-arrhythmias, torsades-de-pointes, QT-prolongation, arrhythmia-management |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Fabry-Cardiomyopathy |
AFD cardiac phenotype: HCM genocopy; HFpEF dominant (40%/91%); CMR 4-stage model; ERT paradox (augments LGE); zebra bodies; Lyso-Gb3/NT-proBNP/hs-cTn biomarkers; amiodarone contraindicated |
fabry-disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, lysosomal-storage-disorders, fibrosis |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Titin-PTMs |
Three PTM types (acetylation/oxidation/phosphorylation) regulating titin spring stiffness; N2Bus vs PEVK opposing effects; cGMP-PKG therapeutic failures (RELAX, VITALITY, SOCRATES) |
titin, sarcomere, heart-failure, HFpEF, post-translational-modifications |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Titin-Isoform-Switch |
N2B vs N2BA isoform ratio and Frank-Starling regulation; RBM20 as master switch; isoform changes in HFrEF/HFpEF; RBM20 pathogenic variants → DCM; therapeutic targeting limitations |
titin, sarcomere, heart-failure, HFpEF, dilated-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/LV-Diastolic-Function |
2025 ASE algorithm: 2-step diastolic dysfunction definition; LAP estimation (e', E/e', TR velocity); LARS ≤18% primary variable; Grade 1/2/3 classification; diastolic exercise echo; special population modifications (AF, MAC, MR, PH, LBBB, amyloidosis, constriction) |
echocardiography, diastolic-function, HFpEF, heart-failure |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Conduction-Disorders-in-Young-Adults |
CCDs in adults <50 years: acquired (Lyme/sarcoidosis/Chagas/autoimmune) and familial (SCN5A/LMNA/Fabry/neuromuscular/CHD-related); PM <50 → 3–4× risk; conduction system pacing preferred; ICD over PM in LMNA; genetic testing underused |
conduction-disorders, atrioventricular-block, genetics, cardiomyopathy, young-adults |
2026-05-02 |
| concepts/Conduction-System-Pacing |
CSP taxonomy (HBP/LBBP/LFP/LVSP/LBBAP/DSP); hemodynamics vs RVP/BVP; HOT-CRT/LOT-CRT outcomes; 7 published RCTs; PROTECT-HF (n=2,600) and Left vs Left (n=2,136) ongoing |
conduction-system-pacing, cardiac-pacing, his-bundle-pacing, left-bundle-area-pacing, cardiac-resynchronization-therapy |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/His-Bundle-Pacing |
HBP technique; hemodynamics (–56 ms QRS, +5 mmHg SBP vs RVP); HOPE-HF trial; fluoroless implantation; threshold rise 17%; back-up lead indications |
conduction-system-pacing, his-bundle-pacing, cardiac-pacing |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Left-Bundle-Branch-Area-Pacing |
LBBAP sub-types (MELOS); V6RWPT/V6–V1 capture criteria; lead-position-dependent QRS transition; anodal capture; LOT-CRT (81% success, QRS 182→144 ms); LBBP RESYNC/LEVEL-AT RCTs |
conduction-system-pacing, left-bundle-area-pacing, cardiac-pacing, cardiac-resynchronization-therapy |
2026-04-19 |
| concepts/Constrictive-vs-Restrictive |
Haemodynamic differentiation of constrictive pericarditis vs restrictive cardiomyopathy; ventricular discordance vs concordance during respiration; effusive-constrictive pericarditis |
pericardial-disease, restrictive-cardiomyopathy, hemodynamics, cardiac-catheterization, right-heart-failure |
2026-04-20 |
| concepts/Dyslipidemia-Management |
2026 ACC/AHA framework: PREVENT equations, LDL-C/non-HDL-C/ApoB goals by risk category, statin + nonstatin agents, hypertriglyceridemia, SAMS management, special populations |
dyslipidemia, ldl-c, statin, primary-prevention, ASCVD, guidelines |
2026-04-20 |
| concepts/ASCVD-Risk-Assessment |
PREVENT-ASCVD equations (replace PCE); CPR Framework (Calculate–Personalize–Reclassify); risk categories; CAC scoring tiers; risk enhancers including Lp(a) and reproductive markers; polygenic risk scores |
ASCVD, primary-prevention, risk-stratification, dyslipidemia, guidelines |
2026-04-20 |
| concepts/Lipoprotein-a |
Lp(a) biology; universal measurement COR 1; risk quantification table (1.4×–4× by concentration); management (risk factor optimisation → PCSK9 mAb in ASCVD); emerging RNA therapies in phase 3 CVOTs |
dyslipidemia, ASCVD, lipoprotein-a, primary-prevention, risk-stratification |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Familial-Hypercholesterolemia |
HeFH (1:250–300); HoFH; LDL-C targets by ASCVD status (<100/<70/<55 mg/dL); genetic panel testing COR 2a; PREVENT equations contraindicated in FH; evinacumab for HoFH; cascade screening |
dyslipidemia, ldl-c, genetics, primary-prevention, ASCVD, guidelines |
2026-04-20 |
| concepts/Cardiac-Amyloidosis-Imaging |
Multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: scintigraphy grading (Grade 0–3), SPECT mandatory, PSIR LGE, ECV >0.40, cherry-on-top GLS, 5-5-5 TDI sign; addendum protocol updates |
cardiac-amyloidosis, multimodality-imaging, ATTR-amyloidosis, echocardiography, radionuclide-imaging |
2026-04-22 |
| concepts/DAPT-Strategies |
DAPT duration and de-escalation post-ACS and CCD; ticagrelor monotherapy COR 1/A; CCD-phase antiplatelet (PEGASUS, COMPASS, AFIRE); ARC-HBR criteria; triple therapy with OAC |
acute-coronary-syndrome, chronic-coronary-disease, antiplatelet-therapy, DAPT, bleeding-risk |
2026-04-22 |
| concepts/Balloon-Pulmonary-Angioplasty |
BPA for inoperable/residual CTEPH; ESC 2022 Class I; disease-level 1–4 classification; lesion subtypes (ring/web/subtotal/total/tortuous); Pd:Pa >0.80; safety trends 2013–2022; RACE and MR BPA trials |
balloon-pulmonary-angioplasty, CTEPH, pulmonary-hypertension, interventional-cardiology |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Acute-PE-Clinical-Categories |
AHA/ACC 2026 five-category PE classification (A–E); replaces massive/submassive/ESC 4-tier; integrates clinical scores, haemodynamics, biomarkers, RV imaging; respiratory modifier (R); management by category |
pulmonary-embolism, risk-stratification, guidelines |
2026-04-21 |
| concepts/ACHD-AP-Classification |
ACHD anatomic (I–III) × physiologic (A–D) classification; Stage D now includes endocarditis/HF hospitalisation; Fontan/systemic-RV/truncus cannot be Stage A |
congenital-heart-disease, risk-stratification, guideline |
2026-04-21 |
| concepts/Tetralogy-of-Fallot |
Repaired TOF adult management; PVR criteria shift to RVESVi >80 mL/m²; SCD risk scores (PREVENTION-ACHD, Brompton, PACES); adjunctive VT ablation COR 2a |
congenital-heart-disease, tetralogy-of-fallot, sudden-cardiac-death, pulmonary-valve |
2026-04-21 |
| concepts/Fontan-Circulation |
Fontan adult management; annual liver surveillance + AFP COR 1; aspirin/anticoagulation all Fontan COR 1; rhythm control, pacing strategy, exercise, transplantation |
congenital-heart-disease, Fontan-circulation, single-ventricle, liver-disease, heart-failure |
2026-04-21 |
| concepts/Eisenmenger-Syndrome |
Eisenmenger: PAH monotherapy (ERA or PDE5i) COR 1; dual ERA+PDE5i COR 1; shunt closure COR 3:Harm; pregnancy COR 3:Harm; endocardial leads COR 3:Harm |
congenital-heart-disease, Eisenmenger-syndrome, pulmonary-arterial-hypertension, right-heart-failure |
2026-04-21 |
| concepts/RV-PA-Coupling |
RV–PA coupling defined by Ees/Ea ratio (optimal 1.5–2.0; uncoupling <0.7); TAPSE/sPAP and RV free wall strain as noninvasive surrogates; adaptive vs maladaptive remodeling transition; sotatercept/FK506 as therapeutic targets |
right-ventricular-failure, pulmonary-hypertension, RV-PA-coupling, hemodynamics |
2026-04-22 |
| concepts/Right-Heart-Catheterization |
RHC methodology; PAWP pitfalls; provocative protocols (vasodilator challenge, volume challenge, exercise); HFpEF invasive criteria (Table 4); LVAD ramp/reverse ramp; remote PA monitoring; cardiogenic shock haemodynamics; haemodynamic variable reference table |
right-heart-catheterization, pulmonary-hypertension, heart-failure, cardiogenic-shock, invasive-hemodynamics |
2026-04-22 |
| concepts/Perioperative-Cardiovascular-Assessment |
2024 AHA stepwise perioperative framework; RCRI/NSQIP/DASI; frailty; biomarkers; stress testing; MINS (20% incidence, 10% mortality); pharmacotherapy table; anticoagulation management; POAF; special populations |
perioperative-medicine, noncardiac-surgery, cardiovascular-risk, guideline, anticoagulation |
2026-04-22 |
| concepts/Heart-Healthy-Dietary-Patterns |
AHA 2026 9-feature framework: energy balance, vegetables/fruits, whole grains, healthy protein (plant-first, fish; NOT fish oil supplements), unsaturated fat, minimally processed foods, ↓added sugars, ↓sodium/↑potassium, alcohol avoidance |
cardiovascular-prevention, dietary-control, nutrition-guidelines, ultraprocessed-foods, primary-prevention |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/Cuffless-BP-Monitoring |
Cuffless BP technology mechanisms (PPG/tonometry/PAT/PTT), calibration dependency, validation gaps (ISO 81060-7 pending); 2025 AHA/ACC COR 3: No Benefit for clinical use; poor performance tracking exercise/nocturnal/treatment-induced BP changes |
hypertension, blood-pressure-monitoring, digital-health, wearable-technology, photoplethysmography |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/DTC-Genetic-Testing |
Direct-to-consumer cardiovascular genetic testing: regulatory landscape (23andMe only FDA-authorized), SNP-chip vs. sequencing, monogenic/PRS/pharmacogenomic testing, ACCE framework, clinical approach to DTC results, cascade testing gaps |
genetic-testing, direct-to-consumer-genetics, polygenic-risk-scores, pharmacogenomics, precision-medicine |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Periprocedural-CIED-Management |
AHA 2024 framework for periprocedural CIED care: EMI management, device-specific magnet responses (Micra has NO response), leadless/S-ICD/EV-ICD specifics, three-phase multidisciplinary workflow; ICD re-enablement post-procedure is safety-critical |
cied-management, perioperative-care, leadless-pacemaker, electromagnetic-interference, icd |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Cardiac-Rehabilitation |
AHA/AACVPR 2024: 9 core components; new standalone strength training + program quality components; hybrid delivery; ~20% enrollment nationally (target 70%); LDL-C <70/<55 mg/dL, BP <130/80, HbA1c <7% targets; qualifying HF criterion LVEF ≤35% NYHA II–IV |
cardiac-rehabilitation, secondary-prevention, exercise-training, heart-failure, cardiovascular-disease |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/AI-in-Cardio-Oncology |
AI/ML applications in cardio-oncology: multi-omics biomarkers (TTNtv/RARG/hemopexin/TCA metabolites), AI risk models (90% discrimination), AI-ECG (ICI myocarditis arrhythmia, n=3364 LV dysfunction), NLP/LLM for EHR extraction; ethical challenges; national registry call |
cardio-oncology, artificial-intelligence, precision-medicine, cardiotoxicity, multi-omics |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Hormonal-Therapy-CV-Risk |
CV risks of breast cancer endocrine therapy (AI RR 1.19 vs tamoxifen; CDK4/6 inhibitor QT/HTN) and prostate cancer ADT (GnRH agonist metabolic syndrome; antagonist HR 0.44–0.46 for CV events; newer AR agents RR 1.36) |
cardio-oncology, breast-cancer, prostate-cancer, androgen-deprivation-therapy, cardiovascular-toxicity |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Sleep-Disordered-Breathing |
SDB umbrella (OSA/CSA/CSB); AHI vs ODI vs nocturnal hypoxic burden; endotypes; circadian KLF15 pathway; temporal pathophysiology (immediate/subacute/chronic); CPAP RCT failures; bradyarrhythmia/VTA/SCD associations; NABS/ODI screening |
sleep-disordered-breathing, obstructive-sleep-apnea, atrial-fibrillation, ventricular-arrhythmia, arrhythmia-management |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Pharmacogenomics-in-HF |
HF drug-response genetics: ADRB1 Arg389Gly (bucindolol 38% mortality reduction), GRK5 Leu41 (10× higher in Black patients; intrinsic beta-blockade), GNB3 (H-ISDN in African Americans), CYP2D6/CYP3A5 dosing implications; EHR preemptive genotyping strategy |
pharmacogenomics, heart-failure, precision-medicine, beta-blockers, CYP450 |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Gut-Microbiome-in-HF |
Gut dysbiosis in HF: ischaemia → increased permeability → bacterial translocation → TNF-α/IL-6; TMAO independently predicts 5-year HF mortality; indoxyl sulfate predicts events in DCM; Mediterranean diet reduces HF risk 21%; Saccharomyces boulardii improves LVEF |
gut-microbiome, heart-failure, TMAO, dysbiosis, precision-medicine |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Cardiorenal-Syndrome |
Bidirectional HF-kidney interaction; 5-type CRS classification (Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative); CVP-driven renal venous hypertension as primary hemodynamic driver; reversibility assessment framework (TKPP >60 mmHg, H-K Profiles A/B/C); biomarkers (NGAL/ST2/galectin-3); UF trials (CARRESS-HF vs UNLOAD); GDMT paradox; LVAD/HTx kidney management |
cardiorenal-syndrome, advanced-heart-failure, kidney-dysfunction, LVAD |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Diuretic-Resistance |
Mechanisms of loop diuretic resistance in HF/CRS: braking phenomenon, distal tubular hypertrophy, CKD-reduced tubular secretion, hypochloremia; diuretic efficiency metric (ESCAPE HR 2.86); torsemide over furosemide; thiazide augmentation; stepwise algorithm evidence |
diuretic-resistance, heart-failure, kidney-dysfunction, cardiorenal-syndrome |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Mitochondrial-Cardiomyopathy |
Cardiac manifestations of mitochondrial disease; HCM dominant phenotype; MELAS/MERRF/MIDD/KSS/LHON syndromes; ~30% of mitochondrial disease patients; CVD leading cause of death; cardiac screening every 3–5 years |
mitochondrial-genetics, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, cardiovascular-disease |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Heteroplasmy |
Coexistence of different mtDNA variants; dynamic VAF; biochemical and phenotypic thresholds; age-related accumulation; NuMT detection pitfalls; m.4977DEL predicts MACE; haplogroup CVD associations |
mitochondrial-genetics, cardiovascular-disease, genetics |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Incidental-Cardiovascular-Variants |
Bayesian framework (pretest probability + variant pathogenicity → posttest probability) for incidentally identified CVD gene variants from ES/GS/DTC; ACMG-78 CVD genes; LP/P-only cascade testing; 1–8%/year reclassification; 1–3-year follow-up |
incidental-variants, genetic-testing, heritable-cardiovascular-disease, variant-interpretation, precision-medicine |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Alcoholic-Cardiomyopathy |
ACM: dilated LV/HFrEF from excessive alcohol; 7–15 drinks/day over 5–15 years; TTN truncating variants increase vulnerability (gene-environment interaction); sex differences; alcohol reduction improves LV function |
cardiomyopathy, alcohol-consumption, heart-failure, genetics |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Prepregnancy-Cardiovascular-Health |
Prepregnancy period as critical CVH optimization window; Life's Essential 8 applied to reproductive-age women; graded APO risk with cumulative poor CVH metrics; intergenerational transmission; no large RCTs yet; multilevel interventions |
prepregnancy-cardiovascular-health, maternal-health, adverse-pregnancy-outcomes, lifes-essential-8, primary-prevention |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Adverse-Pregnancy-Outcomes |
HDP/preterm birth/SGA/GDM composite; CVD is #1 cause of pregnancy-related death (26.5%); 1-in-5 births affected; APOs associated with long-term maternal CVD and offspring CVD risk; placental malperfusion mechanism |
adverse-pregnancy-outcomes, maternal-health, prepregnancy-cardiovascular-health, hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy, gestational-diabetes |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Lifes-Essential-8 |
AHA 2022 CVH construct (updated from Life's Simple 7): diet, physical activity, sleep, nicotine, BMI, BP, non-HDL-C, fasting glucose; 0–100 score; mean US women 68.1/100; racial disparities across all metrics |
lifes-essential-8, cardiovascular-health, primary-prevention, ASCVD, guidelines |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Hypertensive-Disorders-of-Pregnancy |
HDP umbrella (4 types); 7.5% per pregnancy, 15.3% per woman; 2nd leading cause global maternal mortality; preeclampsia: HF HR 2.7, ESKD RR 6.6, dementia aHR 2.4; ACOG vs international BP threshold controversy; aspirin prevention |
hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy, maternal-health, preeclampsia, blood-pressure-in-pregnancy, adverse-pregnancy-outcomes |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Preeclampsia |
HT + proteinuria/organ damage after 20 wks; failed spiral artery remodeling → sFlt-1/VEGF imbalance → endotheliosis; placental (early/severe) vs maternal (late/preexisting vascular) phenotypes; aspirin reduces risk 10–20%; lifetime CVD risk aHR 4.9 |
preeclampsia, hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy, maternal-health, placenta, angiogenesis |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/Cardio-Obstetrics |
Multidisciplinary pregnancy heart team (obstetrician/cardiologist/MFM/anesthesiologist/MFM); modified WHO classification only prospectively validated; prohibitive conditions (PAH/severe ventricular dysfunction); scope antepartum to 1-year postpartum |
cardio-obstetrics, cardiovascular-disease-in-pregnancy, maternal-health, multidisciplinary-team, peripartum-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-28 |
| concepts/MINOCA |
MINOCA working diagnosis in 5–6% of AMIs; 3-criterion definition; traffic-light algorithm; six causes (plaque disruption/vasospasm/MVD/embolism/SCAD/supply-demand); SWEDEHEART cardioprotective therapy evidence; 4.7% 12-month mortality |
MINOCA, myocardial-infarction, coronary-vasospasm, SCAD |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Coronary-Vasospasm |
Epicardial vasospasm (>90% constriction); Prinzmetal's vasospastic angina; 46% MINOCA prevalence by provocation testing; Asian predilection; intracoronary acetylcholine gold standard; CCBs cornerstone; β-blockers contraindicated |
coronary-vasospasm, MINOCA, vasospastic-angina |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Pharmacological-Provocation-Testing |
SCB testing for BrS (ajmaline preferred; false-positive rates; clinical scenarios; SCN5A guidance); epinephrine for CPVT; adenosine for SVT/WPW; acetylcholine/ergonovine for CAS; polygenic basis of positive SCB response |
brugada-syndrome, pharmacological-provocation, arrhythmia-diagnosis, channelopathies, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-04-30 |
| concepts/Coronary-Microvascular-Dysfunction |
Impaired coronary microcirculation (<0.5 mm); CFR <2.0 / microvascular spasm / slow-flow; 30–50% of INOCA patients; cause vs consequence debate in MINOCA; limited pharmacological treatment options |
coronary-microvascular-dysfunction, MINOCA, ischemia |
2026-04-29 |
| ENTITIES |
|
|
|
| entities/PMCardio-Queen-of-Hearts |
AI ECG model for OMI detection (Powerful Medical, Slovakia); 100% sensitivity for LAD TIMI-0 OMI on first ECG; double sensitivity vs STEMI criteria at fixed specificity; PMcardio software also used for automated HATW score measurement |
artificial-intelligence-ECG, occlusion-MI, ECG-diagnosis |
2026-05-03 |
| entities/Acute-Coronary-Syndrome |
ACS spectrum (UA/NSTEMI/STEMI); prehospital triage; PPCI; DAPT; complete revascularization; cardiogenic shock (DanGer-SHOCK Impella); colchicine; cardiac rehabilitation |
acute-coronary-syndrome, STEMI, antiplatelet-therapy, revascularization, guidelines |
2026-04-21 |
| entities/Chronic-Coronary-Disease |
CCD: beta-blocker paradigm (COR 3 No Benefit if prior MI + EF >50% + >1 year); ISCHEMIA paradigm (no survival benefit from routine revascularisation); CABG for LVEF ≤35%; SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA; INOCA; SCAD |
chronic-coronary-disease, secondary-prevention, revascularization, antiplatelet-therapy, guidelines |
2026-04-22 |
| entities/Amiodarone |
Class III antiarrhythmic affecting all 4 AP phases; ACLS first-line for VF; multisystem toxicity (thyroid, lung, liver, eye, skin); t½ 50–60d; warfarin/statin/digoxin/sofosbuvir interactions |
amiodarone, antiarrhythmic-drugs, drug-toxicity, ventricular-arrhythmias, atrial-fibrillation |
2026-04-19 |
| entities/ALVC |
LV-predominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; no validated diagnostic criteria; DSP/LMNA/PLN/FLNC |
arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/ARVC |
Best-characterized ACM subtype; risk calculator performs poorly in DSP, overpredicts in gene-elusive; gene-specific exercise effects (PKP2/TMEM43 harmful; PLN not); flecainide PKP2cKO efficacy; family screening 33%+33% yield; 3 AAV-PKP2 Phase I/II trials |
cardiomyopathy, inherited-arrhythmias, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, gene-therapy |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/ATTR-Amyloidosis |
TTR-related infiltrative cardiomyopathy; bone scintigraphy diagnostic; tafamidis disease-modifying |
cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/Andersen-Tawil-Syndrome |
LQT7; KCNJ2 LOF; triad: arrhythmia + periodic paralysis + dysmorphic features |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/Anderson-Fabry-Disease |
X-linked GLA mutation → α-Gal A deficiency; HCM genocopy (0.5–1% HCM); HFpEF dominant; ERT/migalastat/gene therapy; amiodarone contraindicated; 14-year diagnostic delay |
fabry-disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy, lysosomal-storage-disorders, enzyme-replacement-therapy |
2026-04-19 |
| entities/Atrial-Fibrillation |
Most prevalent sustained arrhythmia; AF-CARE + AHA staging; ESC/AHA diverge on CHA2DS2 and ablation |
atrial-fibrillation, anticoagulation |
2026-04-12 |
| entities/Atrial-Flutter |
CTI-dependent macro-reentry; >50% develop AF; OAC as per AF guidelines |
atrial-fibrillation, cardiac-arrhythmias |
2026-04-12 |
| entities/Brugada-Syndrome |
Type 1 ECG + VF risk; SCN5A in 15–30%; three competing pathophysiology hypotheses |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/CPVT |
Exercise-triggered bidirectional VT; RYR2 GOF; largest database 964 patients (Chang 2025); median onset 11y; variant-specific treatment response (BB/flecainide/ICD); CSol/pore domain variants earliest onset 8y; markslab-cpvtdb.org |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias, CPVT, RYR2, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/DCM |
LV dilatation + dysfunction; TTN most common gene; DANISH trial reduced ICD class to IIa; IV iron Class I (ESC 2023); second hit paradigm; 12 definitive genes; gene therapy pipeline |
cardiomyopathy, genetics |
2026-04-25 |
| entities/Heart-Failure |
HF management across all EF phenotypes; 4-pillar HFrEF; SGLT2i Class I for HFmrEF/HFpEF; acute HF strategy; iron deficiency; CKD+T2DM prevention; Group 2 PH-LHD |
heart-failure, HFpEF, SGLT2-inhibitors, guideline, acute-heart-failure |
2026-04-13 |
| entities/Pulmonary-Hypertension |
PH defined by mPAP >20 mmHg; 5-group classification; pre/post-capillary definitions; PAH drug therapy; PH-LHD; PDE5i Class III in HFpEF PH; exercise training Class I |
pulmonary-hypertension, pulmonary-arterial-hypertension, right-heart-failure |
2026-04-13 |
| entities/CTEPH |
Group 4 PH; PEA treatment of choice; BPA Class I (upgraded 2022) for inoperable; RACE/MR BPA trials; lesion classification; complication trends halved 2013–2022; expert centre criteria; riociguat Class I |
pulmonary-hypertension, CTEPH, right-heart-failure |
2026-04-28 |
| entities/DES |
Desmin; wide cardiomyopathy spectrum (DCM/RCM/ACM); 80% cardiac penetrance; high conduction disease burden often requiring CIED; skeletal myopathy; no gene-specific risk calculator |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, dilated-cardiomyopathy, conduction-disease |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/DSP |
Desmoplakin; ALVC archetype; left-dominant/biventricular; female sex risk factor (unique); "hot phases" myocarditis-like episodes; ring-like LGE; DSP risk calculator; 2010 TFC poor performance; exercise effect uncertain |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, DSP-cardiomyopathy |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/DSG2 |
Desmoglein-2; classical ARVC phenotype; may have earlier onset than PKP2; more biventricular involvement; autosomal dominant; limited penetrance data |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC, desmosome |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/DSC2 |
Desmocollin-2; classical ARVC phenotype similar to PKP2; often autosomal recessive; limited penetrance data; small case series |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC, desmosome |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/Early-Repolarization-Syndrome |
J-point elevation in VF survivors; J-wave syndrome partner of Brugada; quinidine/isoproterenol |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/FLNC |
Filamin-C; truncating variants cause ALVC with 82% SCD/VA; myofibrillar myopathy overlap |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-12 |
| entities/HCM |
Most common inherited cardiomyopathy; MYBPC3/MYH7 primary genes; ESC/AHA diverge on 4 key issues |
cardiomyopathy, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/Idiopathic-Ventricular-Fibrillation |
Diagnosis of exclusion after VF; short-coupled R-on-T PVCs; ICD Class I |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/JUP |
Plakoglobin; Naxos disease (AR); woolly hair + palmoplantar keratoses + ARVC triad; 97% penetrance by adolescence; more severe than PKP2-ARVC; biventricular common |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC, desmosome, Naxos-disease |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/KCNH2 |
hERG/Kv11.1; LOF → LQT2; GOF → SQTS1; SupRep validated in rabbit models; dominant-negative for AF |
genetics, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/KCNJ2 |
Kir2.1; LOF → ATS/LQT7; GOF → SQTS3; IK1 suppression used in biological pacemaker research |
genetics, channelopathies |
2026-04-12 |
| entities/KCNQ1 |
Kv7.1/IKs; LOF → LQT1 (30–35% LQTS); recessive → Jervell-Lange-Nielsen; SupRep validated |
genetics, channelopathies |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/LMNA |
Lamin A/C; AF/conduction disease precede DCM by decades; highest malignant VA risk in cardiomyopathy |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-12 |
| entities/Long-QT-Syndrome |
Most prevalent channelopathy; 17 subtypes; ESC 2022 QTc ≥480 ms diagnostic; SupRep and base editing |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/MYBPC3 |
Most common HCM gene (~50%); higher arrhythmia/syncope vs other sarcomere genes; RyR2 interaction |
genetics, hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/MYH6 |
Alpha-myosin heavy chain; atrial-predominant; sick sinus syndrome and EOAF association |
genetics, atrial-fibrillation |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/MYH7 |
Beta-myosin heavy chain; 2nd most common HCM gene; high-risk SCD mutations R403Q/R453C |
genetics, hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/Mavacamten |
First cardiac myosin inhibitor; Class I AHA 2024 vs Class IIa ESC 2023; contraindicated in pregnancy |
cardiomyopathy, pharmacology |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/NDLVC |
New ESC 2023 phenotype: non-dilated LV with non-ischaemic scar; replaces ALVC/arrhythmogenic DCM |
cardiomyopathy, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/PKP2 |
Most common ARVC gene (~2/3 cases); desmosomal + Nav1.5 + Cx43; flecainide eliminates VA in PKP2cKO mice (RCT pending); 3 AAV-PKP2 Phase I/II trials (Rocket/LEXEO/Tenaya); MyoAAV4A variant; exercise major penetrance risk |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC, gene-therapy |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/PLN |
Phospholamban/SERCA2a regulator; R14del founder; exercise NOT risk factor (unique among ACM); sex NOT risk factor; mixed HF+VA phenotype; gene-specific calculator usable pre-diagnosis; micro voltages; high end-stage HF risk |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, PLN-cardiomyopathy |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/RCM |
Restrictive physiology + normal wall thickness; often transplant-required; biatrial enlargement |
cardiomyopathy, genetics |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/RYR2 |
SR Ca²⁺ release channel; GOF → CPVT1; 263 variants in 964 CPVT patients (Chang 2025); domain-specific onset: CSol/pore 8y, NTD 12y; variant-specific BB/flecainide/ICD response; R420Q vs R420W different phenotypes; markslab-cpvtdb.org; too large for AAV; CRISPR-SaCas9 repair in mice |
genetics, calcium-handling, CPVT, RYR2, ryanodine-receptor, variant-interpretation |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/SCN5A |
Nav1.5; GOF → LQT3 (INaL/window current); LOF → BrS + CCD + DCM; overlap syndromes (1795insD: simultaneous GOF+LOF); MEPPC (R222Q GOF); too large for AAV; MOG1 workaround |
genetics, ion-channels, channelopathies, SCN5A, dilated-cardiomyopathy |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/Short-QT-Syndrome |
QTc ≤360 ms (ESC 2022); 8 subtypes; quinidine first-line; amiodarone/sotalol ineffective in SQTS1 |
channelopathies, inherited-arrhythmias |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/TTN |
Titin; most common DCM gene and most common EOAF gene (27% of variants); second-hit theory |
genetics, dilated-cardiomyopathy |
2026-04-11 |
| entities/TMEM43 |
Transmembrane protein 43; p.Ser358Leu founder (Newfoundland); near-fully penetrant males; highly malignant; early ICD indicated; exercise harm; poor R-wave progression; first non-desmosomal ARVC gene |
genetics, arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy, ARVC, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea |
OSA: repetitive upper airway collapse during sleep; 21–74% prevalence in AF; acute + chronic AF substrate; CPAP treatment; AHI vs. hypoxemic burden |
obstructive-sleep-apnea, atrial-fibrillation, CPAP |
2026-04-18 |
| entities/Hypertension |
2025 AHA guideline: BP classification, PREVENT-based thresholds, SPC for Stage 2, primary aldosteronism screening, RDN, pregnancy HT, cognitive protection |
hypertension, blood-pressure-management, cardiovascular-risk, guidelines |
2026-04-20 |
| entities/Pulmonary-Embolism |
Acute PE: AHA/ACC 2026 Cat A–E classification; CTPA diagnosis; D-dimer age-adjusted/YEARS; LMWH>UFH; DOACs>VKAs; PERT; advanced therapies by category; CTEPD surveillance; extended anticoagulation with half-dose DOAC |
pulmonary-embolism, venous-thromboembolism, anticoagulation |
2026-04-21 |
| entities/Ischemic-Stroke |
2026 AHA/ASA guideline: tenecteplase COR 1A (replaces alteplase); EVT expanded (ASPECTS 3–5 COR 1A; BAO 24h COR 1A); post-EVT SBP <140 mmHg COR 3:Harm; elastic stockings COR 3:Harm; DAPT 21d for minor AIS/TIA; PES for dysphagia COR 2a |
acute-ischemic-stroke, endovascular-thrombectomy, thrombolysis, stroke-management |
2026-04-24 |
| entities/Peripheral-Artery-Disease |
Lower extremity PAD; 10–12M US; 4 clinical subsets (asymptomatic/claudication/CLTI/ALI); rivaroxaban+aspirin; high-intensity statin; SET as initial claudication therapy; BEST-CLI/BASIL-2 CLTI revascularisation |
peripheral-artery-disease, guidelines, revascularization, CLTI, claudication |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/CLTI |
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia: rest pain/nonhealing wounds/gangrene >2 wk; WIfI/GLASS staging; multispecialty team mandatory; BEST-CLI (bypass superior with GSV) vs BASIL-2 (endovascular superior for infrapopliteal) |
CLTI, peripheral-artery-disease, revascularization |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/Acute-Limb-Ischemia |
ALI: acute limb hypoperfusion ≤2 wk; Rutherford I–III classification; 4–6 h ischaemia tolerance; surgical thromboembolectomy vs catheter thrombolysis; compartment syndrome monitoring |
peripheral-artery-disease, vascular-emergency, revascularization |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/Ankle-Brachial-Index |
ABI: ratio ankle systolic / higher brachial systolic; abnormal ≤0.90; TBI ≤0.70 for non-compressible vessels; cornerstone PAD diagnostic test |
peripheral-artery-disease, diagnostics |
2026-04-24 |
| concepts/Infective-Endocarditis |
IE framework: 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria (surgical evidence + mNGS major criteria); echocardiography; advanced imaging; microbiology; NBTE differential |
infective-endocarditis, diagnostics, echocardiography, cardiac-surgery, guideline |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Blood-Culture-Negative-Endocarditis |
BCNE: prior antibiotics #1 cause (up to 30% IE); diagnostic algorithm (72h expand to mNGS/serology); fastidious pathogens (Coxiella/Bartonella/Whipple/Chimaera/Fungi); empiric regimens; NBTE |
infective-endocarditis, blood-culture-negative-endocarditis, molecular-diagnostics, fastidious-organisms |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/Renal-Denervation |
Catheter-based renal sympathetic ablation for uncontrolled/resistant hypertension; FDA-approved (Spyral/Paradise 2023); 4–10 mmHg SBP reduction; 60–70% response rate; patient selection framework; no kidney function impairment |
hypertension, resistant-hypertension, renal-denervation, catheter-based-therapy, sympathetic-nervous-system |
2026-04-25 |
| concepts/CAVD-Mechanisms |
Molecular mechanisms of calcific aortic valve disease: VEC disruption, Lp(a)/LDL-C osteogenic cascade, EVs/TNAP, CHIP, interferonopathies; initiation vs progression distinction; statin paradox; ongoing trials (pelacarsen, colchicine) |
calcific-aortic-valve-disease, valvular-heart-disease, molecular-mechanisms, aortic-stenosis, lipoprotein-a |
2026-04-25 |
| entities/Mitral-Valve-Prolapse |
MVP: Barlow vs fibroelastic deficiency; TGF-β pathway central; FLNA/DCHS1/DZIP1/TNS1/LMCD1/SLC6A4 genes; serotonin transporter link; calcineurin/NFAT therapeutic target; equal sex prevalence but worse female outcomes |
valvular-heart-disease, mitral-valve-prolapse, molecular-mechanisms, genetics, TGF-beta |
2026-04-25 |
| entities/Bicuspid-Aortic-Valve |
BAV: 1.5% prevalence; 89% heritability; NOTCH1/GATA4-6/SMAD6 monogenic variants; 3–4× male predominance; accelerated calcification vs trileaflet valves due to abnormal shear stress |
valvular-heart-disease, bicuspid-aortic-valve, congenital-heart-disease, genetics, aortic-stenosis |
2026-04-25 |
| entities/Rheumatic-Heart-Disease |
RHD: >40M prevalent cases; 80% women; group A streptococcal molecular mimicry (M protein/laminin/myosin); VCAM-1/IFN-γ/IL-17/TGF-β; ficolin/MBL complement pathway; ProTα and female sex predilection; no effective medical therapy |
rheumatic-heart-disease, valvular-heart-disease, molecular-mechanisms, immunology, global-health |
2026-04-25 |
| entities/Maternal-Health-Disparities |
Non-Hispanic Black women bear disproportionate APO/maternal mortality burden; structural racism as root cause; weathering/allostatic load; "superwoman schema"; insurance churn; community/policy multilevel interventions |
maternal-health, health-disparities, adverse-pregnancy-outcomes, structural-racism, social-determinants |
2026-04-28 |
| entities/Peripartum-Cardiomyopathy |
New-onset EF <45% near end of pregnancy/postpartum without prior heart disease; IPAC study: recovery almost exclusively first 6 months; major events almost exclusively EF <30%; bromocriptine adjunctive (ESC 2018); CHC unreasonable |
peripartum-cardiomyopathy, heart-failure, cardiomyopathy, pregnancy, maternal-health |
2026-04-28 |
| entities/Obesity |
Chronic multifactorial disease; 603.7M adults globally; HF/SCD/AF/CAD risk; BMI limitations; visceral adiposity; bariatric surgery reduces CV events; obesity paradox; class 3 = relative contraindication to HTx |
obesity, cardiovascular-disease, metabolic-syndrome, cardiometabolic-risk |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Obesity-Paradox |
Overweight/class 1 obesity confers better short-term CVD outcomes than normal weight; documented post-PCI, post-CABG, HFrEF, HFpEF, AHF; proposed mechanisms: lead time bias, fitness confounding, lean paradox |
obesity, cardiovascular-disease, heart-failure, coronary-artery-disease, prognosis |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Visceral-Adiposity |
VAT and ectopic fat (pericardial/epicardial/hepatic) as independent CVD risk markers; EAT drives AF and SCD substrate; metabolically healthy obesity is transient; exercise reduces VAT without weight loss |
obesity, cardiovascular-disease, visceral-adiposity, epicardial-fat, atrial-fibrillation |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Epicardial-Adipose-Tissue-Arrhythmogenesis |
Three EAT arrhythmogenic pathways: (1) structural infiltration → zigzag conduction/re-entry; (2) Cx43 electrotonic coupling → RMP depolarisation; (3) paracrine secretome (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/TGF-β1/leptin) → APD prolongation, connexin downregulation, fibrosis; ECG correlates: P-wave/PR/QRS/TpTe |
epicardial-adipose-tissue, arrhythmias, atrial-fibrillation, electrophysiology, obesity |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Circadian-Rhythm-Cardiac-Electrophysiology |
Extrinsic (SCN/ANS) and intrinsic (BMAL1/CLOCK) circadian regulation of cardiac electrophysiology; Kcnh2/Gja1/Scn5a/Hcn4/Pkp2 as top REGs; KLF15→KChIP2 indirect pathway; Kv11.1 protein half-life and LQT2 time-of-day APD amplification; loss of morning SCA peak in modern populations; aging reduces circadian amplitude |
circadian-rhythm, sudden-cardiac-death, cardiac-electrophysiology, ion-channels, arrhythmia-mechanisms |
2026-05-01 |
| concepts/Noncoding-RNA-in-CVD |
Umbrella overview of all ncRNA classes (miRNA, snoRNA, Y-RNA, tsRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, exRNA) and their roles in CVD; computational tools; RNA therapeutics pipeline |
noncoding-RNA, microRNA, lncRNA, RNA-therapeutics, extracellular-RNA |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Cancer-Associated-Arrhythmia |
Drug-by-drug arrhythmia profiles in cancer (AF/QT/VA/bradycardia); ibrutinib RR 4.69 for AF; QTcF preferred; MADIT-CHIC CRT; anticoagulation challenges; autonomic dysfunction |
arrhythmia, cardio-oncology, atrial-fibrillation, QT-prolongation, autonomic-dysfunction |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Autonomic-Dysfunction-in-Cancer |
Autonomic dysfunction in cancer patients/survivors: decreased HRV, orthostatic hypotension, IST/POTS; anthracycline/taxane/HSCT aetiology; exercise reversal; ivabradine for IST |
arrhythmia, cardio-oncology, autonomic-dysfunction, cancer-survivorship |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/Long-Noncoding-RNA |
lncRNA classification (lincRNA/intronic/eRNA/AS-lncRNA; guide/scaffold/decoy/ceRNA); CVD loci (ANRIL/MIAT/H19/MALAT1/Mhrt/Chast/Chaer); lipid metabolism; cardiac hypertrophy; stroke; investigational tools |
lncRNA, noncoding-RNA, cardiac-hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, RNA-therapeutics |
2026-04-29 |
| concepts/MEPPC |
Multifocal ectopic premature Purkinje-related complexes; SCN5A R222Q gain-of-function; increased window current → premature Purkinje action potentials; narrow complex polymorphic PVCs; reversible DCM; flecainide/hydroquinidine/amiodarone responsive |
SCN5A, channelopathies, premature-ventricular-complexes, ventricular-arrhythmias |
2026-05-05 |
| concepts/Modifier-Genes |
Genetic factors that modify penetrance/expressivity of monogenic arrhythmia disorders; NOS1AP, KCNH2-K897T, KCNE1-D85N, AKAP9, iPSC-CM discovery approach |
modifier-genes, long-qt-syndrome, sudden-cardiac-death, NOS1AP |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/NOS1AP |
Nitric oxide synthase adaptor protein; most validated LQTS modifier gene (GWAS-derived); also implicated in drug-induced LQTS and AMI-VF |
modifier-genes, long-qt-syndrome, sudden-cardiac-death |
2026-05-05 |
| entities/Dronedarone |
Non-iodinated amiodarone derivative; multichannel blocker (IK-Ach 100x, INa 10x potency); ATHENA 24.2% RRR; contraindicated in NYHA III/IV HF (ANDROMEDA) |
dronedarone, atrial-fibrillation, antiarrhythmic-drugs, heart-failure |
2026-05-07 |
| entities/Flecainide |
Class 1C AAD; post-repolarization refractoriness mechanism; AF cardioversion up to 95% IV; pill-in-the-pocket; CAST context; RyR2 blockade in CPVT; contraindicated in CAD/structural disease |
flecainide, atrial-fibrillation, antiarrhythmic-drugs, proarrhythmia, CPVT |
2026-05-07 |
| concepts/Amiodarone-Induced-Thyroid-Disorders |
Type 1 AIT (iodine-driven autonomous overproduction; methimazole) vs Type 2 AIT (destructive thyroiditis; prednisone) vs mixed (both); AIH (Wolff-Chaikoff; levothyroxine); 23% ICU mortality in thyroid storm; ETA thyroidectomy criteria; 3-way warfarin/DOAC-thyrotoxicosis-amiodarone anticoagulant interaction |
amiodarone, thyroid-dysfunction, thyrotoxicosis, drug-toxicity, antiarrhythmic-drugs |
2026-05-07 |
| concepts/Amiodarone-Pulmonary-Toxicity |
"Amiodarone effect" (ubiquitous asymptomatic lipoid pneumonia) vs "amiodarone toxicity" (9 distinct patterns: CEP/COP/AFOP/amiodaronoma/NSIP-like/IPF-like/DIP/ARDS/DAH); 3-mechanism pathophysiology (cytotoxic/immune/angiotensin); cumulative incidence 4.2%/7.8%/10.6% at 1/3/5 years; 3-fold APT risk per decade >60; DLCO key monitoring marker (≥15% sensitive, isolated decrease alone does NOT warrant stopping); KL-6 NPV 92%; CT density >70 HU absent in 27–55%; surgical biopsy avoid; prednisolone taper ≤5 mg/day; 21–33% hospitalisation mortality |
amiodarone, drug-induced-lung-disease, pulmonary-toxicity, antiarrhythmic-drugs, drug-toxicity |
2026-05-07 |
| concepts/GWAS-Cardiac-Genetics |
Paradigm shift: GWAS reveals inherited arrhythmias/cardiomyopathies are polygenic not purely monogenic; 21 BrS loci; inverse HCM-DCM risk loci (same SNPs in MYBPC3/FHOD3/ALPK3 show opposite directionality); NOS1AP as LQTS modifier; PRS predicts risk independent of rare variant status; European-ancestry limitation |
GWAS, polygenic-risk-score, inherited-arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, genetics |
2026-05-07 |
| concepts/Gene-Editing-Risk-Benefit-Framework |
Structured criteria for gene editing candidacy in ICCs: WPW (ablation >90% — gene editing disproportionate) vs PRKAG2 syndrome (multisystem monogenic, ablation insufficient — gene editing appropriate); criteria: disease severity, existing therapy effectiveness, monogenic architecture, delivery feasibility |
gene-editing, CRISPR-Cas9, inherited-cardiac-conditions, gene-therapy, precision-medicine |
2026-05-07 |
| entities/PRKAG2-Cardiac-Syndrome |
Autosomal dominant γ2-AMPK subunit mutation; cardiac hypertrophy + pre-excitation (WPW) + glycogen storage + progressive conduction disease; ablation insufficient; paradigm case where gene editing is appropriate over standard ablation |
gene-editing, inherited-cardiac-conditions, CRISPR-Cas9, arrhythmia |
2026-05-07 |